Putin's Challenge

The Cirassians a mostly Muslim people who self identified as Adyghe originated in the 19th century, during the time of the expanding of Imperial Russia. The Circassians fought so mush that the russians decided to take them away, by death or deportation. they describe this as the first modern genocide and the numbers were unbelievable. there population was 2.5-3 million Circassians. and about 1.5 million were killed and expelled. and the other half died of famine and disease.  They are as old as the greeks and even competed during the old Olympics  they pretty much killed the old to bring in the new. Russia could not touch them because they identified themselves as proud Muslims and many are still afraid of Muslims because of what happened during sept 11th and the terrorism attack. Pres Putin received control in 2004. he selected the people himself instead of having a real election. He has been in office for 6 years. in the US you are only in office for 4 at a time because of situations like this. 

Under Circassian Sultan Baibars, the Mamluks defeated both the Mongols and those who remained Crusaders in the Middle East. Baibars' victory over the Mongols was a major turning point in world history and has contributed to his heroic legacy across the Muslim world. 

This is what a russin scholar and said and witnessed, this was the suffering of the circassians...This is amazing to read, how could one witness women lying like this. I wouldnt know how to feel having to witness something like this, here is the quote that he said...

I shall never forget the overwhelming impression made on me by the mountaineers in Novorossiisk Bay, where about seventeen thousand of them were gathered on the shore. The late, inclement and cold time of year, the almost complete absence of means of subsistence and the epidemic of typhus and smallpox raging among them made their situation desperate. And indeed, whose heart would not be touched on seeing, for example, the already stiff corpse of a young Circassian woman lying in rags on the damp ground under the open sky with two infants, one struggling in his death-throws while the other sought to assuage his hunger at his dead mother's breast? And I saw not a few such scenes.

Accelerating global interaction CH 24

When we think and speak of globalization we usually are referring to and immense growth in international economic transactions that took place in the second half of the 20th century. Technology was a huge contribution tp the advancement of economic globalization. on pg 725 shows a picture of an indian based call center that experienced globalization for many years. What kind of globalization was taking place, well in the 1970's and after major capitalists countries like the United states and great Britain had abandoned political controls on economic activity. Money and goods achieved global mobility in three ways. The flow of investment funds, the US opened factories in china and mexico, and rich countries wanted to take advantage of the cheap labor flow of European investment funds and Japanese investment funds. A third form of capital movement involved the personal funds of individuals. By the end of the 20th century international credit cards had taken control of almost everything.
As women mobilized outside of the western world during the 20th century faced very different situations the the US and white women. Women's movements in the south had a wide range of issues but not all were gender based.One woman testified to the sense of empowerment.. " I am a free woman, i bought this peace of land through my group. I can lie on it, work on it, and keep goats or cows. What more do i want? My husband can not sell it. It is mine." What a strong statement, all you want and need is that piece of land, and today a piece of land is something so small, we all want too much and don't see what so many others went through to help us achieve what we deserve today. I know i could never imagine not having all that i have today and maybe take advantage of my life. Religion such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam had functioned as a trans regional cultures spreading further then there places of origin. It grew in the west, further then Africa and south Korea  About 7% of china's population claimed the faith. The most prominent religion that spread of Islam, which shows an image of Osama bin laden and the destruction of the world trade centers this is Americas image of Islam  The Islamic world consists of over a billion people. The islamic world found many ways to express themselves. At a level of their personal life many became more religiously observant. The Palestinian organization called Hamas was founded in 1987, this was Egypts Muslim brotherhood, and illustrates a 2 dimensions of Islamic radicalism. Hamas sent suicide bombers to target israeli civilians and wanted to eliminate Israels state.
There have been many conflicts, but beyond them and global environmentalism came to symbolize "one world" it is considered to be a challenge in consuming a commitment to an endless growth. This change, going all the way back to the paleolithic era was the most significant achievement of global environmentalism.

Ch 23 Independence and Development

Chapter 23 starts with Nelson Mandela during the time of 1914 until now. Nelson Mandela is someone we all should know. His full name is Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, he was a South African anti apartheid activist and politician who served as the president of South Africa during the time of 1994- 1999, he was the first person to be elected in a real and full election. He also went to university to study law. He started a process that was called the struggle for independence. He was the first black man to be elected as president in south africa. The end of the European empires was in the second half of the 20th century, they were under pressure from nationalist movements, Europe's Asian and African empires dissolved into many new states. There was one approach to explaining why there was an end to of the colonial empires which focuses its attention on fundamental contradictions in the colonial enterprise. this was considered to be a fatal flaw. Why did this flaw of colonial rule in Europe lead to independence in post world war 2 era and not earlier or later? it was called conjuncture, when separate colonies came together at a certain time. The united states and the soviet union were the new global superpowers and were opposed to the older European colonial empires. during all this the united nations provided a platform which conducted anti colonial agitation.  When you compare the freedom struggles between India and South Africa illustrate both a complexity of this process. India was one of the first colonies to achieve independence and provided and inspiration to others and south Africa was not technically a colony but it was the last to throw off political domination by whites. Mauryan, Gupta and Mughal empires had brought a large area of subcontinent within one single political system which brought us a diverse Indian Society.

Mahatma Gandhi was India's leader in what we know as British ruled India. He was assassinated  in January of 1948. He inspired movements of independence and inspired many movements for non violence and civil rights all across the world. He showed this by starving himself and non violence acts. If one were to beat him or say something negative he would not fight back, he would sit and take what came his way. He became a leader that till this day many will protest the way he did. Gandhi also received a degree in law. Gandhi argued  that "non violence means conscious suffering, it does not mean meek submission to the will of the evil door but it means the pitting of ones soul against the will of tyrant...It is possible for a single individual to defy the hole might of an unjust empire to save his honor, his religion and his sole."

Under apartheid all black africans were officially designated as residents of small and impoverished. Many black Africans actually lived in South Africa and usually worked for the South Africans. In 1994 the Bantustans abolished and the country was divided into 9 provinces.

Mustafa Ataturk was the founder of modern day turkey, according to Ataturk "a civilized international dress is worthy and appropriate for our nation and we will wear it.... and of coarse to complete these a cover with a brim on our heads." The reforms lead to a cultural transformation in the middle east. In a politically repressive Iran opposition to the shahs regime came to focus on the mosque. unlike Turkey, Iran had maintained their independence from the state but criticized the shah's governement of western intervention in Iranians affairs.  Khomeini believed that the purpose of government was to always apply the law of Allah then the sharia became the law of the land. one of the main goals of the Iranian revolution was to change and enforce a more modest and traditional dress code for women in Iran.

Ch 22 Communism

Modern communisim found its political and philisophical roots in 19th century european socialism. Communisim was insprired by Karl Marx, he was a communist but believed in equality, womens right to vote and public education. communisms high point was in the 1970's almost one third of thr worlds populations lived in socities goverened by communist regimes. The soviet union was the largest country in size and china was the largest in population. on page 661 states that reform could be one way of change. The rise of communisim in russia was in 1917 during the revoltion in Russia. The revolution over threw the ruler at the time Tsar Nicholas. Serfs were the lowest level of status in Russia, as a serf you were part of the land and if land was sold you were sold with it. Russia was an agricultural country just like china was. Communisim was spread to E Europe after WW2. Stalin was the leader, he had determined that the soviet security required friendly governements in the region. The rise of communisim rose in China the CCp chinese communist party was led by Mao Zadong, he rose to a position of power. It took China about 28 years to develop, they were also an agricultural country. Stalin was the leader in russia, from the 19020's-1930's. Mao Zedong was was a leader during the 1950's-1960's. they both needed to modernize and industrialized there countrys. The people were loyal to marx ideology. Marx had a utopian vision that many didnt see but liked. His utopian society was during the enlightenment era. Attitude toward women in a communist setting was actually very progressive, the women didnt have to take there husbands last name this was the start of the womens liberation movemenet. In order to liberate the lands, china had the poor take away tools away from the rich, and took away livestock to spread around to others, the people instead would kill there livestock to enjoy with there families. why let it be taken from you, when you can just enjoy the food yourself. there were about 5 million total deaths in Russia and about 2 million in China. China took more time to progress. China spread quickly but achieved better education, they had a higher literacy rate. The standards of living also improved. Both China and Russia were both successful but had totally different outcomes. Russia was fully democratic, they wanted to fight, they didnt care what the outcome was, they needed to achieve there goal. Communisim is still around today in China, Cuba and

Ch 21 Collapse and Recovery of Europe!

The old and new during the 20th century, like most historical periods the 20th century carried on from the past and developed new distinct characteristics. The combination of the new and old is what designed a new era in world history. The world wars played an important rold in the first half of the century. The communist ere is what provides another illistration of the old and the new eras. in novermeber 2005 Alfred anderson died at the age of 109, this is unreal to see someone during this time to have lived until the age of 109. The great war which is now called the first world war is what launched the 20th century. IN 1500 EUROPE HAD ASSUMED a position on the global stage. Europeans modern transformation and its global ascendancy were not accompanied by a growing nity or stablility. The outbreak of the war was an accident in that none of the mojor states planned or predicted the archdukes assasination. The great war was a conflict that shattered almost every expectation., many thought the military would be coming home for christmas but instead it lasted for more the 4 years. The treaty of Versailles which is what ended the war in 1919 and the conditions generated a second world war. The outcomes of the war were not surprising, there were well educateed groups and becasue they were well educated there was a lot of destruction. due the collapse of the german russian and austiran empires, they emerged into a new map of central europe. WW1 brought a short halt ot the womens sufferage movement as well as to womens activities on behalf of international peace. most women actually supported their countries war efforts. The great war brought into existence a number of  new states that were carved out of the old german russian and middle eastern ottoman empires.  Between 1919 and 1945 a new political ideology known as fascisim  found expression across europe. at the level of ideas facism was intensley nationalistic looking to change the people.

Ch 20: colonial Encounters "scramble for Africa"

PG 589-606 & 607-614
During the time of 175- 1914 had many colonial encounters. maintaining racial boundries was a central feature of many colonial socities. For Africans and asians colonial rule by the british, french, germans, italians and others was called a major new element in this historical experience during the time of the 19th century. Many depended on the cultures and past history of various colonized people. Men and women experienced the change differently. What i think is interesting is that not only did men and women see a difference so did educated classes, urban artists, peasant farmers and even laborers. what a diverse group of people to have been affected. By the early 1900's several of the great population centers of asia had come under the colonial control of britian, the netherlands, france, the UNited states and Japan. Europeans had to fight long to create their new empires in order for this to happen they had to attest to many wars. The south pacific territories of Australia dn New Zeland were both taken over by the british during the 19th  century and were similar to the earlier colonization of north america and kept the patterns of Asia. Violence was a huge feature of colonial life during conquest and even after groups and colonies were willing to cooperate. The colonial governements and private missionary organizations had a huge interest in promoting european education. Within African colonies europeans identified themselves and invented tribes each with there own territories. european colonial policies contradicted their own core values and practices. while britian and france were becoming more democratic the european colonies were becoming a dictatorship. many feared that this kind of social change vilified as "detribalization" and would challenge colonial rule. Colonial rule affected many of the peoples lives, tax, land and labor.
The cultivation of cotton was done by turns. each village had an allowed day to work. german east africa imposed the vultivation of cotton. there were a few way of working in colonial societies that involved wage labor, this was driven by a need of money, and a loss of land.
Economic life in european emprires varied from place to place. women had many hardships and men did not. Women were usually known as farmers in most areas but the men were not. As more and more men looked for employment they left their wives to run the house. and domestic economy alone. The women delt with this change in their own way they were moving away emotionally from there husbands and gaining a relationship with there birth families. Western edcation was very important to the minority group. education was obtained through government schools, reading and writting was very rare too see and was said magical power had to help you through this. We have moved forward in so many ways, someone not given the chance to learn to read and write would be crazy. yes an education is not a right but something we all have to to attend and to learn these basic fundamental needs to live!

CH 16 Religion AND Science.

Chapter 16 is about religion and science, it wasnt founded on the muslim beliefs and evolution, many believe this is true, this chapter wants us to believe it was founded on christianity. europeans were the central people in the globalization of christianity and the emergence of science. they worked with each other and didnt act alone in the mdoern era. Asians, Africans and natives were the ones who would determine how it would be accepted or rejected. Christianity was limited to europe at the beg of the modern era, it spread from spain and england in the west to russia. During the 16th century the protestant reformation ended the unity of the catholic church, the roman catholic christianity for the past 1000 years had provided the cultural foundation of western european civilization. Women were attracted to the protestant reformation teachings and practices but it didnt offer them a greater role in the church or in society. in protestant areas it lead Christ a male the sole person who we need to worship, mary, and women saints ended. Dividing the churches led to a horrible political system it led to a difference in political views. the french society was torn. In 1545 it led to a catholic counter refomation. Science and enlightenment, what is enlightenment, It is a mans emerhence from his self imposed... inability to use ones own understanding without anothers guidance. this is according to Immanel Kant. Decision makers where individuals as agents. The famous english philisopher john locke offered principles for constructing a constitutional government.
Not all of the conflict was between chuch and science, none of thwe early scientists rejected Christianity, galileo procalimed the compalibilty of science and faith. There has been a lot of discussion about this topic in all of my political science classes. We all need to know where the catholic church started and why science came into religion.

The Founders of SND

This week has been all about the founders of NDNU. We learned who the two Foundresses of the SND were, Julie and Francoise, we learned about here different backgrounds, Julie was a member of the third estate and Francoise was and aristocrat with many privileges, she grew up in a religious environment. In school she learned the basics of living and how to run a household, she learned to cook, clean and sew. These are the basics we no longer see in the education system. Julie was promoted to write; she went to a religious school and helped those in need. Julie became paralyzed with multiple sclerosis, they drilled a hole in her foot to drain the blood and infection. They also put leeches all over her to help heel her body. They both were involved in charity work and helped those in need.

            During this week I learned some pretty interesting facts, when my friends would come to me and ask how we go the De Namur in NDNU I would say I didn’t know or just added to the schools name, I would even hear people say it was just a cool add on. Well I learned that the sisters moved to a different city in France called Namur which is where the Notre Dame de Namur came from. That was an interesting fact. I also learned the Cuvilly was also from the city of France.  

            I unfortunately did not attend any of the founder’s week events, it has been a very busy week, but I do know there were milk and cookies with the sisters, we had mass, and a one on one ask the sisters any question you have. This is a great way for the students of NDNU to learn about how and when NDNU was founded and why. I admire what these women had to go through to come here and create such a small school but we are able to get such a great education. It would be interesting to meet them or to have learned what they really went through during the time they lived in France.

           

Ch 15 Global Commerce

The Atlantic slave trade and slavery in Americas represents the most universal human practice-pg450. The atlanitc slave trade transformed African Societies negativley, it made it worse as a society, decreased population in Africa due to disease, by disease it slowed down Africas growth, it disrupted the political system and new ethnic groups came about. Slavery is illegal now a days because of the 14th amendment. Although it shares some characteristics of existing patterns as slavery today, the Atlanitc slave trade was distinctive by the size of traffic in slaves and centrality to the economies of America, the natives ended up dying off becasue of slavery.

The Europeans and Africans played a huge important role in the unfolding of the slave trade, european owners tried to develop an American and European economy. Africans played a role in trading as well, it was either trade or be traded, why did this happen, well it was the luxory of having power over other people, it was convient to own slaves and have them work for you. It was also a source of profit.

Africa became the primary source of slaveryfor the plantation economies of the Americas. Most of the Africans were black, there was racisim between the Africans and the Europeans. The demand for slaves was the main cause of tragic commerce. The impact of the slave trade derived not only from the loss of slaves but due to economic stagnation.

I took African Studies last semester with professor fitzgerald, it was amazing to learn about the cause of death during the stave trade and the routes the europeans had to go through to enslave the africans. Africans were traded to the north and south America, they were called indentured servants. The portuguese were the first to engage in the New World  Slave trade

Ch 14 403-417

The mughal empire was the most popular empire of the Mughals in India. The europeans had an advantage, they lived closer to the ports, there advantages were that they had gun powder and were able to ride horses. not only did the europeans discover the americas but so did Asia. Some of the incentives that the europeans had was gold which was money, glory and god, god wasnt something they could trade but could rationalize the meaning of god. Many died due to disease, that is why during the slave trade europeans did not get off the boats. they were not imuned to the diseases that were around. But many were happy that people died at early ages (40-50) becasue it created more room for the europeans. Why did the disease kill so many people? like i said before they did not have an immuntiy to the diseases that were killing the natives. the europeans were exposed to animals which helped support the immuntiy. The Sibereans were like the native americans, they were similar becasue of there genetics and the storys about there upbringing were similar. They also were all converted to christianity. The central division within Mughal was religious, they focused on Muslims and Hindus. more then 20% of the population were islamic and the rest practiced some sort of hinduism.