Chapter 23 starts with Nelson Mandela during the time of 1914 until now. Nelson Mandela is someone we all should know. His full name is Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, he was a South African anti apartheid activist and politician who served as the president of South Africa during the time of 1994- 1999, he was the first person to be elected in a real and full election. He also went to university to study law. He started a process that was called the struggle for independence. He was the first black man to be elected as president in south africa. The end of the European empires was in the second half of the 20th century, they were under pressure from nationalist movements, Europe's Asian and African empires dissolved into many new states. There was one approach to explaining why there was an end to of the colonial empires which focuses its attention on fundamental contradictions in the colonial enterprise. this was considered to be a fatal flaw. Why did this flaw of colonial rule in Europe lead to independence in post world war 2 era and not earlier or later? it was called conjuncture, when separate colonies came together at a certain time. The united states and the soviet union were the new global superpowers and were opposed to the older European colonial empires. during all this the united nations provided a platform which conducted anti colonial agitation. When you compare the freedom struggles between India and South Africa illustrate both a complexity of this process. India was one of the first colonies to achieve independence and provided and inspiration to others and south Africa was not technically a colony but it was the last to throw off political domination by whites. Mauryan, Gupta and Mughal empires had brought a large area of subcontinent within one single political system which brought us a diverse Indian Society.
Mahatma Gandhi was India's leader in what we know as British ruled India. He was assassinated in January of 1948. He inspired movements of independence and inspired many movements for non violence and civil rights all across the world. He showed this by starving himself and non violence acts. If one were to beat him or say something negative he would not fight back, he would sit and take what came his way. He became a leader that till this day many will protest the way he did. Gandhi also received a degree in law. Gandhi argued that "non violence means conscious suffering, it does not mean meek submission to the will of the evil door but it means the pitting of ones soul against the will of tyrant...It is possible for a single individual to defy the hole might of an unjust empire to save his honor, his religion and his sole."
Under apartheid all black africans were officially designated as residents of small and impoverished. Many black Africans actually lived in South Africa and usually worked for the South Africans. In 1994 the Bantustans abolished and the country was divided into 9 provinces.
Mustafa Ataturk was the founder of modern day turkey, according to Ataturk "a civilized international dress is worthy and appropriate for our nation and we will wear it.... and of coarse to complete these a cover with a brim on our heads." The reforms lead to a cultural transformation in the middle east. In a politically repressive Iran opposition to the shahs regime came to focus on the mosque. unlike Turkey, Iran had maintained their independence from the state but criticized the shah's governement of western intervention in Iranians affairs. Khomeini believed that the purpose of government was to always apply the law of Allah then the sharia became the law of the land. one of the main goals of the Iranian revolution was to change and enforce a more modest and traditional dress code for women in Iran.
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