Putin's Challenge

The Cirassians a mostly Muslim people who self identified as Adyghe originated in the 19th century, during the time of the expanding of Imperial Russia. The Circassians fought so mush that the russians decided to take them away, by death or deportation. they describe this as the first modern genocide and the numbers were unbelievable. there population was 2.5-3 million Circassians. and about 1.5 million were killed and expelled. and the other half died of famine and disease.  They are as old as the greeks and even competed during the old Olympics  they pretty much killed the old to bring in the new. Russia could not touch them because they identified themselves as proud Muslims and many are still afraid of Muslims because of what happened during sept 11th and the terrorism attack. Pres Putin received control in 2004. he selected the people himself instead of having a real election. He has been in office for 6 years. in the US you are only in office for 4 at a time because of situations like this. 

Under Circassian Sultan Baibars, the Mamluks defeated both the Mongols and those who remained Crusaders in the Middle East. Baibars' victory over the Mongols was a major turning point in world history and has contributed to his heroic legacy across the Muslim world. 

This is what a russin scholar and said and witnessed, this was the suffering of the circassians...This is amazing to read, how could one witness women lying like this. I wouldnt know how to feel having to witness something like this, here is the quote that he said...

I shall never forget the overwhelming impression made on me by the mountaineers in Novorossiisk Bay, where about seventeen thousand of them were gathered on the shore. The late, inclement and cold time of year, the almost complete absence of means of subsistence and the epidemic of typhus and smallpox raging among them made their situation desperate. And indeed, whose heart would not be touched on seeing, for example, the already stiff corpse of a young Circassian woman lying in rags on the damp ground under the open sky with two infants, one struggling in his death-throws while the other sought to assuage his hunger at his dead mother's breast? And I saw not a few such scenes.

Accelerating global interaction CH 24

When we think and speak of globalization we usually are referring to and immense growth in international economic transactions that took place in the second half of the 20th century. Technology was a huge contribution tp the advancement of economic globalization. on pg 725 shows a picture of an indian based call center that experienced globalization for many years. What kind of globalization was taking place, well in the 1970's and after major capitalists countries like the United states and great Britain had abandoned political controls on economic activity. Money and goods achieved global mobility in three ways. The flow of investment funds, the US opened factories in china and mexico, and rich countries wanted to take advantage of the cheap labor flow of European investment funds and Japanese investment funds. A third form of capital movement involved the personal funds of individuals. By the end of the 20th century international credit cards had taken control of almost everything.
As women mobilized outside of the western world during the 20th century faced very different situations the the US and white women. Women's movements in the south had a wide range of issues but not all were gender based.One woman testified to the sense of empowerment.. " I am a free woman, i bought this peace of land through my group. I can lie on it, work on it, and keep goats or cows. What more do i want? My husband can not sell it. It is mine." What a strong statement, all you want and need is that piece of land, and today a piece of land is something so small, we all want too much and don't see what so many others went through to help us achieve what we deserve today. I know i could never imagine not having all that i have today and maybe take advantage of my life. Religion such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam had functioned as a trans regional cultures spreading further then there places of origin. It grew in the west, further then Africa and south Korea  About 7% of china's population claimed the faith. The most prominent religion that spread of Islam, which shows an image of Osama bin laden and the destruction of the world trade centers this is Americas image of Islam  The Islamic world consists of over a billion people. The islamic world found many ways to express themselves. At a level of their personal life many became more religiously observant. The Palestinian organization called Hamas was founded in 1987, this was Egypts Muslim brotherhood, and illustrates a 2 dimensions of Islamic radicalism. Hamas sent suicide bombers to target israeli civilians and wanted to eliminate Israels state.
There have been many conflicts, but beyond them and global environmentalism came to symbolize "one world" it is considered to be a challenge in consuming a commitment to an endless growth. This change, going all the way back to the paleolithic era was the most significant achievement of global environmentalism.

Ch 23 Independence and Development

Chapter 23 starts with Nelson Mandela during the time of 1914 until now. Nelson Mandela is someone we all should know. His full name is Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, he was a South African anti apartheid activist and politician who served as the president of South Africa during the time of 1994- 1999, he was the first person to be elected in a real and full election. He also went to university to study law. He started a process that was called the struggle for independence. He was the first black man to be elected as president in south africa. The end of the European empires was in the second half of the 20th century, they were under pressure from nationalist movements, Europe's Asian and African empires dissolved into many new states. There was one approach to explaining why there was an end to of the colonial empires which focuses its attention on fundamental contradictions in the colonial enterprise. this was considered to be a fatal flaw. Why did this flaw of colonial rule in Europe lead to independence in post world war 2 era and not earlier or later? it was called conjuncture, when separate colonies came together at a certain time. The united states and the soviet union were the new global superpowers and were opposed to the older European colonial empires. during all this the united nations provided a platform which conducted anti colonial agitation.  When you compare the freedom struggles between India and South Africa illustrate both a complexity of this process. India was one of the first colonies to achieve independence and provided and inspiration to others and south Africa was not technically a colony but it was the last to throw off political domination by whites. Mauryan, Gupta and Mughal empires had brought a large area of subcontinent within one single political system which brought us a diverse Indian Society.

Mahatma Gandhi was India's leader in what we know as British ruled India. He was assassinated  in January of 1948. He inspired movements of independence and inspired many movements for non violence and civil rights all across the world. He showed this by starving himself and non violence acts. If one were to beat him or say something negative he would not fight back, he would sit and take what came his way. He became a leader that till this day many will protest the way he did. Gandhi also received a degree in law. Gandhi argued  that "non violence means conscious suffering, it does not mean meek submission to the will of the evil door but it means the pitting of ones soul against the will of tyrant...It is possible for a single individual to defy the hole might of an unjust empire to save his honor, his religion and his sole."

Under apartheid all black africans were officially designated as residents of small and impoverished. Many black Africans actually lived in South Africa and usually worked for the South Africans. In 1994 the Bantustans abolished and the country was divided into 9 provinces.

Mustafa Ataturk was the founder of modern day turkey, according to Ataturk "a civilized international dress is worthy and appropriate for our nation and we will wear it.... and of coarse to complete these a cover with a brim on our heads." The reforms lead to a cultural transformation in the middle east. In a politically repressive Iran opposition to the shahs regime came to focus on the mosque. unlike Turkey, Iran had maintained their independence from the state but criticized the shah's governement of western intervention in Iranians affairs.  Khomeini believed that the purpose of government was to always apply the law of Allah then the sharia became the law of the land. one of the main goals of the Iranian revolution was to change and enforce a more modest and traditional dress code for women in Iran.